Many people enjoy playing a game of chance every now and then. The risk versus reward element gives players a small rush of excitement, even if they don't win, and more often than not it's enjoyed as a social activity – whether it's betting on a sport like racing or playing poker with a few friends.
This is very similar to the unpleasant adjustment the brain must go through when people try to give up their addiction. Although this is a positive change, we will be uncomfortable while the brain readjustments itself. Ironically, the brain's wonderful ability to be so adaptive (via allostasis) causes significant changes to the brain's functioning. Currently, Gambling addiction is a serious brain disease. It can affect how a person develops a fetish for various forms of gambling. In some cases, it is inseparable and often dangerous. Unfortunately, the addicts put gambling activities at the top of their priority list.
Gambling Addiction and the Brain How Gambling Addiction Affects The Brain When one thinks of addiction, an inability to curb a craving for alcohol, heroin, cocaine, or other illegal drugs is usually what comes to mind. With these types of addictions, an individual develops a tolerance, then a physical dependency, and then can't stop using. Imaging the gambling brain Recent advances in brain imaging technology are helping scientists to understand how these features of gambling games are so effective in maintaining continued play. At the Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, Dr Clark is using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure.
But as is the case with many substances and experiences that make us feel good – like eating, shopping, or drinking alcohol – going overboard can transform what should be an occasional source of enjoyment into a mental dependence.
The brain becomes conditioned into wanting more and more to trigger its reward system, to the point where its mental wiring becomes significantly altered, and getting it back to normal requires undoing weeks, months, or potentially even years of negative impact.
When a person reaches this stage, gambling has become more than just a problem of burning through their wallet too quickly: it has become an addiction. And it's only recently that we've begun to identify excessive gambling as such.
In 2013, the substance-related and addictive disorders section of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was updated. Pathological gambling used to be regarded as a compulsion, motivated by the need to relieve anxiety.
But now it's recognised as an addiction akin to substance addiction. Top slots app iphone.
How Does Gambling Change Your Brain Damage
What Exactly Makes Gambling Addictive?
The answer to this isn't as simple as ‘people love making money and love winning it even more, so they go overboard'.
Gambling excessively can lead to dramatic alterations in the way the brain sends chemical messages, and gamblers often have genetic or psychological dispositions that make them prone to gambling too much. These factors can initiate a person's downward spiral into addiction.
What happens to the brain?
Understanding gambling addiction requires understanding a little bit about how the brain naturally works when we engage in enjoyable activities.
Our brain has a series of circuits known as the reward system. They are connected to various regions throughout the brain, notably the pleasure and motivation centres.
Rewarding experiences – such as receiving a compliment, having sex, accomplishing a task, or winning a game – cause our brain to send signals via neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that either stimulate or depress neurons in the brain.
The main neurotransmitter in the reward system is known as dopamine. When enough dopamine is released due to stimulating, enjoyable activities, we experience euphoria and pleasure, and feel motivated (particularly to do that same activity again).
When drugs are taken, they create a high by increasing the dopamine that's released in the reward system up to 10 times more than the amount natural rewarding experiences would generate. This also happens when gambling.
Research and studies into gambling's effect on the brain indicates that it activates the brain's reward system similarly to how drugs do: by releasing a higher amount of dopamine.
This is why people are initially attracted to gambling: it's a highly rewarding experience.
But the thing is: most people easily walk away after playing a few rounds of poker or putting a dozen or so coins in a slot machine, having enjoyed the fun while it lasted. Others can't: namely, those who eventually become gambling addicts. Why? When an individual continues gambling, several other factors might be in play, and things get complicated. First of all:
Some people are more inherently prone.
Research shows that problem gamblers and drug addicts often have genetic predispositions for reward-seeking behaviours and impulsivity. The two main ones are:
- An underactive brain reward system.
- Less activation of the prefrontal cortex.
Having an underactive brain reward system means that the individual doesn't experience the same level of euphoria and pleasure from naturally-rewarding experiences as the average person does. They are therefore drawn to activities that stimulate reward pathways more than usual; ones that are enough to make them feel a satisfactory amount of euphoria and pleasure – for example, the high that taking drugs or gambling creates.
The prefrontal cortex is an area of our brain involved in decision-making, controlling impulses, and cognitive control, and studies have revealed that problem gamblers and drug addicts had less activation of the prefrontal cortex than the average person.
Thus, controlling their impulse to throw the dice or pull the lever of a slot machine just one more time is significantly harder for them. Impulsivity is in their nature and they have difficulty making decisions that assess the long-term impact of their short-term actions.
These predispositions make it highly likely that the individual keeps gambling once they've started and experienced their first win or a series of wins. They've activated their reward system and got a kick of dopamine that they're not used to getting, so they keep going on impulse to experience the euphoria again.
This is when the brain starts physically changing in terms of how its reward system responds to stimulation.
The individual builds up a tolerance.
Have you ever played a game on your phone that was really entertaining at first, but after several play sessions stopped being fun? Although this isn't exactly the same as how a tolerance in gambling or drug addiction works, the principle is similar and gives you an idea of how the brain changes.
To put it simply: the brain ‘gets used' to it and is not stimulated by the activity nearly as much as it was initially.
To put it scientifically: when the brain is being overstimulated by excessive drug use or gambling, the brain boosts its defensive reaction which makes the reward system less efficient. The number of dopamine receptors is reduced; less dopamine goes through the brain and therefore the level of pleasure the individual experiences is reduced.
After isolated instances, such as taking a drug once or twice, the brain eventually returns back to normal without difficulty. However, repeated, excessive stimulation leads to the brain developing a stronger, longer-lasting resistance to the stimulant.
When a person gambles excessively, they are often trying to get that same dopamine kick they got in the early days of gambling. But no matter how much they keep gambling, it won't return, because they've built up a tolerance.
At this stage, the individual becomes addicted to gambling because of the way the brain's function has been altered long-term.
Addiction occurs because gambling is the new norm.
Dopamine receptors continue to reduce and eventually the dopamine circuit becomes blunted. This dopamine deficit means that when the stimulant is absent, withdrawal and depression occurs: unpleasant side effects of the brain attempting to reconfigure itself and get back to normal.
Thus, the individual gets stuck in a limbo: they have to keep gambling to stay out of withdrawal and depression, but because of tolerance they don't experience any dopamine-generated euphoria anymore. Excessive gambling is now necessary to stay in their ‘new normal'.
This is all assuming that the individual keeps gambling long enough for dopamine receptors to reach such a stage. Surely a person will recognise after a while that they aren't going to win and it's best to quit before they spend all their money, right? Well, people prone to gambling addiction don't quite see this logic.
Firstly: as an addiction develops, the neural pathways to the prefrontal cortex weaken, which as we learned earlier controls decision-making, controlling impulses, and cognitive control. The weakened pathways make impulses and cravings even harder to fight, thus they get continuously pulled downward. Secondly:
Psychological factors compel them to keep playing.
There are five psychological factors that could affect an at-risk gambler and compel them to keep playing to the point where it becomes an addiction:
- Partial reinforcement.
- Availability heuristic.
- Gambler's fallacy.
- Illusion of control.
- Loss aversion.
Partial reinforcement
Partial reinforcement refers to when the actions a person takes aren't rewarded 100% of the time, nor do they cause a negative outcome 100% of the time. This is why gambling makes people keep playing: the player realises they have a chance of anywhere between 0% and 100% to win. In their mind, a loss or a string of losses are just part of the process and they need to keep going to eventually win. They expect to be reinforced some of the time, and this expectation motivates them to keep playing.
Availability heuristic
This refers to when people overestimate the probability that something will happen because their mind can produce immediate examples of when it did happen. In the case of gambling, this might be when the individual saw stories on the news of people winning the lottery or when they saw people nearby in the casino win big. It might even be because they can recall a time when they had a lucky string of wins themselves. Thus, they think their chances of winning are larger than they actually are.
Gambler's fallacy
Gamblers commonly think that the chances of winning increase with each loss, but this is completely untrue.
The chance of winning neither ‘increases' nor ‘decreases' when gambling. Chance does not work by shuffling through a pre-determined number of losses or wins. Each turn is a new, isolated event and has the exact same chance of winning or losing as the previous one.
Think of it like flipping a coin. If it comes up with tails 7 times in a row, that doesn't suddenly make the chance of getting heads higher than 50%. Each new flip is always 50%. Our brains just try to rationalise the unlikeliness of getting 7 tails in a row by saying it'll ‘balance' out with a heads next.
Chance has no methodology, but gamblers often think it does. They believe that their next hand of cards is ‘due' to be good because all their previous ones have been so lousy or that the machine they're playing on is ‘due' to pay out, and this flawed mentality urges them to keep playing.
Illusion of control
Many gamblers also falsely believe that they have some influence over chance. This might be reinforced depending on the type of game they're playing – one where there is some level of control due to choices (such as what number/colour to bet on and what cards to discard/pick) but where chance is primarily the driving force in whether someone wins or loses.
Humans want to feel in control – it's within our nature – so the frustration of how unpredictable gambling is can lead to a person convincing themselves that they can gain some control over it. For example: throwing dice in a particular way, sitting in a certain spot, or wearing a ‘lucky' item of clothing.
Loss Aversion
People are more sensitive to losses than gains of equal value. For example, losing a £10 note generates a more prominent emotional reaction than finding £10. This is why many gamblers endlessly invest time and money to try ‘win' back previous losses or alleviate the feeling of disappointment or frustration by gaining a win. At this point, winning becomes less about excitement and more about ‘making up' for losses, so they get stuck in a vicious cycle.
These psychological factors, combined with genetic predispositions, mean a person can very easily fall down a slippery slope into addiction when gambling.
It also makes it incredibly difficult for a person to know when they have a problem. Having a gambling addiction is often accompanied with denial and an unrealistic views of things.
Fortunately, there's tonnes of information online about identifying a problem gambler and there is help for them. Have a read of our author Louise Petty's article on 10 ways to help someone with a gambling problem. If you ever suspect someone might have a gambling addiction, do seek advice and support. Any addiction can be overcome.
Further Resources:
More often than not a trip to Las Vegas is not a financially sound decision. And yet every year over 40 million people hand over their cash to the city's many towering casinos, hoping the roulette ball rattles to a stop on black.
Gambling and other forms of risk-taking appear to be hardwired into our psyche. Humans at least as far back as Mesopotamia have rolled the dice, laying their barley, bronze and silver on the line, often against miserable odds. According to gambling industry consulting company H2 Gambling Capital, Americans alone lose nearly $120 billion a year to games of chance.
Now a set of neuroscience findings is closer than ever to figuring out why. Ongoing research is helping illuminate the biology of risky behaviors—studies that may one day lead to interventions for vices like compulsive gambling. The recent results show an explanation is more complex than looking at dysfunctional reward circuitry, the network of brain regions that fire in response to pleasing stimuli like sex and drugs. Risking loss on a slim chance of thrill or reward involves a complex dance of decision-making and emotion.
A new study by a team from Johns Hopkins University appears to have identified a region of the brain that plays a critical role in risky decisions. Published September 20 in Current Biology, the authors analyzed the behavior of rhesus monkeys, who share similar brain structure and function to our own. And like us, they are risk-takers, too.
First the authors trained two monkeys to 'gamble' against a computer to win drinks of water. Then they had to choose between a 20 percent chance of receiving 10 milliliters of water versus a far more reliable 80 percent chance of getting only three milliliters. The monkeys overwhelmingly took the gamble, even when they were no longer thirsty.
Previous work has shown a brain region called the supplementary eye field (SEF) is, along with regulating eye movements, also involved in decision-making. When the authors suppressed SEF activity by cooling the region with an external metal plate—a process that is harmless and reversible—the monkeys were 30 to 40 percent less likely to make risky bets.
Johns Hopkins neuroscientist and study co-author Veit Stuphorn says the findings were not entirely unanticipated, given the role the SEF and its neighboring areas play in decisions. Yet he is intrigued that an area of the brain is so tied in with processing the risk associated with a particular behavior without actually causing the behavior itself. 'The specificity of the contribution of SEF to risky decisions was surprising to us,' he says. 'We interpret this as a sign that SEF mainly reflects the contribution of higher-order cognitive areas…, such areas build a model of the environment and use it to predict opportunities and dangers.' In other words, the SEF appears to shape the attitude toward a particular risky behavior. It also, Stuphorn suggests, represents a possible treatment target for those prone to excessively risky pursuits like problem gambling.
But not just yet. 'We do not understand the risk-taking network in the brain well enough to think about therapeutic implications,' he says. 'But as our understanding increases, there is hope for better behavioral interventions based on a better understanding of the factors that drive risky decisions. And in the long run possibly direct interventions in the form of brain stimulation.'
Yale University neuroscientist Daeyeol Lee, who was not involved in the new research, is also optimistic. 'Finding that excessive risk-taking might be influenced by the function of a specific brain area might be an important step in treating humans with severe risk-taking tendencies,' he says, adding that certain drug treatments for Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders can also cause risky behaviors. 'The findings in this study might also have implications in reducing such unwanted side effects,' he says.
Typically, the brain's 'reward center' or 'reward circuitry,' have not included the SEF but rather other brain regions that drive pleasurable responses via the neurotransmitter dopamine. Yet, as Daeyeol points out, reward is complex. The SEF is likely to be involved in the anticipation of reward and helping control dopamine activity in a reward area called the basal ganglia.
Another study published last week, also in Current Biology, adds an additional layer to the neuroscience of gambling risk—the feeling of regret. In 10 neurosurgical patients the authors measured electrical activity in a brain region called the orbitofrontal cortex—part of the prefrontal cortex near the SEF—while presenting them with gambling scenarios. They used electrodes to analyze brain activity as each study subject decided whether or not to make a bet, right after a bet and when—a half a second later—they learned the outcome.
By comparing the findings to previous brain recordings associated with regret, they deduced that during the split second between placing a bet and learning the outcome our brains frantically replay previous betting decisions. We recall the regret we felt from losing prior bets and from not betting more on those we won.
Senior author Ming Hsu, an associate professor in the Haas School of Business and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, both at the University of California, Berkeley, notes this rumination on past choices is probably an evolutionarily means of improving future decision-making. 'This type of replay is particularly prevalent during the lull after one makes a decision and before finding out about the outcome,' he says. 'But what we see is that the [orbitofrontal cortex] is incredibly active, and in particular processing how much regret the subject experienced on the previous decision.'
Scientists have long known the prefrontal cortex is involved in complex decision-making. An early clue was the case of Phineas Gage, a 19th-century railroad foreman who, in some accounts, become wildly impulsive after an explosion drove an iron bar through the front of his brain. Hsu thinks the rapid replay of past decisions could explain why the prefrontal cortex is implicated in conditions like depression and addiction, both of which involve a willful neglect of negative consequences, an apathy toward risk.
Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis neuroscientist Camillo Padoa-Schioppa, who did not take part in either new study, comments, 'Many monkey studies, including work from my lab, have found that decision computations [involve] the orbitofrontal cortex.' The fact this study showed the same thing in humans, he notes, is an important step toward understanding our own decision-making process.
How Does Gambling Change Your Brain Teasers
As researchers like Hsu and Stuphorn gradually unravel the neurocircuitry of risk and reward, perhaps we will one day see better treatments for such conditions, most likely behavioral interventions or brain-stimulating technologies.
How Does Gambling Change Your Brain Tumor
A new study by a team from Johns Hopkins University appears to have identified a region of the brain that plays a critical role in risky decisions. Published September 20 in Current Biology, the authors analyzed the behavior of rhesus monkeys, who share similar brain structure and function to our own. And like us, they are risk-takers, too.
First the authors trained two monkeys to 'gamble' against a computer to win drinks of water. Then they had to choose between a 20 percent chance of receiving 10 milliliters of water versus a far more reliable 80 percent chance of getting only three milliliters. The monkeys overwhelmingly took the gamble, even when they were no longer thirsty.
Previous work has shown a brain region called the supplementary eye field (SEF) is, along with regulating eye movements, also involved in decision-making. When the authors suppressed SEF activity by cooling the region with an external metal plate—a process that is harmless and reversible—the monkeys were 30 to 40 percent less likely to make risky bets.
Johns Hopkins neuroscientist and study co-author Veit Stuphorn says the findings were not entirely unanticipated, given the role the SEF and its neighboring areas play in decisions. Yet he is intrigued that an area of the brain is so tied in with processing the risk associated with a particular behavior without actually causing the behavior itself. 'The specificity of the contribution of SEF to risky decisions was surprising to us,' he says. 'We interpret this as a sign that SEF mainly reflects the contribution of higher-order cognitive areas…, such areas build a model of the environment and use it to predict opportunities and dangers.' In other words, the SEF appears to shape the attitude toward a particular risky behavior. It also, Stuphorn suggests, represents a possible treatment target for those prone to excessively risky pursuits like problem gambling.
But not just yet. 'We do not understand the risk-taking network in the brain well enough to think about therapeutic implications,' he says. 'But as our understanding increases, there is hope for better behavioral interventions based on a better understanding of the factors that drive risky decisions. And in the long run possibly direct interventions in the form of brain stimulation.'
Yale University neuroscientist Daeyeol Lee, who was not involved in the new research, is also optimistic. 'Finding that excessive risk-taking might be influenced by the function of a specific brain area might be an important step in treating humans with severe risk-taking tendencies,' he says, adding that certain drug treatments for Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders can also cause risky behaviors. 'The findings in this study might also have implications in reducing such unwanted side effects,' he says.
Typically, the brain's 'reward center' or 'reward circuitry,' have not included the SEF but rather other brain regions that drive pleasurable responses via the neurotransmitter dopamine. Yet, as Daeyeol points out, reward is complex. The SEF is likely to be involved in the anticipation of reward and helping control dopamine activity in a reward area called the basal ganglia.
Another study published last week, also in Current Biology, adds an additional layer to the neuroscience of gambling risk—the feeling of regret. In 10 neurosurgical patients the authors measured electrical activity in a brain region called the orbitofrontal cortex—part of the prefrontal cortex near the SEF—while presenting them with gambling scenarios. They used electrodes to analyze brain activity as each study subject decided whether or not to make a bet, right after a bet and when—a half a second later—they learned the outcome.
By comparing the findings to previous brain recordings associated with regret, they deduced that during the split second between placing a bet and learning the outcome our brains frantically replay previous betting decisions. We recall the regret we felt from losing prior bets and from not betting more on those we won.
Senior author Ming Hsu, an associate professor in the Haas School of Business and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, both at the University of California, Berkeley, notes this rumination on past choices is probably an evolutionarily means of improving future decision-making. 'This type of replay is particularly prevalent during the lull after one makes a decision and before finding out about the outcome,' he says. 'But what we see is that the [orbitofrontal cortex] is incredibly active, and in particular processing how much regret the subject experienced on the previous decision.'
Scientists have long known the prefrontal cortex is involved in complex decision-making. An early clue was the case of Phineas Gage, a 19th-century railroad foreman who, in some accounts, become wildly impulsive after an explosion drove an iron bar through the front of his brain. Hsu thinks the rapid replay of past decisions could explain why the prefrontal cortex is implicated in conditions like depression and addiction, both of which involve a willful neglect of negative consequences, an apathy toward risk.
Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis neuroscientist Camillo Padoa-Schioppa, who did not take part in either new study, comments, 'Many monkey studies, including work from my lab, have found that decision computations [involve] the orbitofrontal cortex.' The fact this study showed the same thing in humans, he notes, is an important step toward understanding our own decision-making process.
How Does Gambling Change Your Brain Teasers
As researchers like Hsu and Stuphorn gradually unravel the neurocircuitry of risk and reward, perhaps we will one day see better treatments for such conditions, most likely behavioral interventions or brain-stimulating technologies.
How Does Gambling Change Your Brain Tumor
How Does Gambling Change Your Brain Hurt
We may also see treatments that quell the thrill and compulsion of problem gambling and other risky behaviors and encourage a bit more fiscal prudence. If so, perhaps those at risk of draining their bank accounts on the Vegas Strip will find themselves cashing in their chips, not squandering them.
